Environmental effects of sewage sludge disposal [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session, May 27, 1981.

"No. 24."

Economic impact of proposed regulation R77-12 (Rule 950) on wastewater sludge disposal in the State of Illinois /

Includes bibliographical references.

Assessment of anaerobic sewage sludge quality for agricultural application after metal bioleaching

The effects of metal bioleaching on nutrient solubilization, especially nitrogen and phosphorous, from anaerobically-digested sewage sludge were investigated in this work. The assessment of the sanitary quality of the anaerobic sludge after bioleaching was also carried out by enumerating indicator (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci) and total heterotrophic bacteria. The experiments of bioleaching were performed using indigenous sulphur-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus spp.) as inoculum and samples of anaerobically-digested sludge. Nitrogen and phosphorous solubilization from sewage sludge was assessed by measuring, respectively, the concentration of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate/nitrite, and soluble and total phosphorous before and after the bioleaching assays. At the end of the experiment, after 4 days of incubation (final pH of 1.4), the following metal solubilization yields were obtained: zinc, 91%; nickel, 87%; copper, 79%; lead, 52%; and chromium, 42%. As a result of sludge acidification, the viable counts of selected indicator bacteria were decreased to below the detection limit (4 × 103 cfu 100 ml-1), followed by an increase in the mineral fraction of nitrogen (from 6 to 10%) and in the soluble fraction of phosphorous (from 15 to 30%). Although some loss of sludge nutrients can occur during solid-liquid separation following bioleaching, its beneficial effects as metal removal and reduction of pathogenic bacteria are sufficient to consider the potential of this treatment before sludge disposal onto agricultural fields.

污泥处理经济评价和污泥堆肥中氧气监测与动态分析

With the continually increase both in the amount of wastewater disposal and in the treatment rate, more and more sewage sludge has been produced. An economic estimate was taken on the different sewage sludge disposal and treatment technologies, and led to the conclusion that compost is an effective way to make sewage sludge harmless, stable and resourceable. Normally, there are several ways to treat sewage sludge, such as landfill, compost, incineration and so on. These technologies will cost 300-1000 Y per ton of sludge. Among those ways, landfill is the cheapest one and operates easily, however, it just postpones the pollution instead of eventually eliminating the pollution; The amount of the sludge will reduce dramatically after incineration, while incineration will take a very high investment in the beginning, at the same time, it's very hard to maintain running; Sewage sludge will be resourceful after composting treantment, thus makes up the treatment cost, makes composting is the most economical way. Compost production is safe when correctly used, compost is a important way to treat sewage sludge. Oxygen is an important control factor in aerobic composting that has great effects on temperature and microorganisms. The gas gathering and transfering system of an online oxygen monitoring system for composting were bettermented to prolong the monitoring system's running period. The oxygen concentration changes in various aerobic composting stage were studied, and conclusions came to that oxygen concentration changes much faster in the oxygen concentration increasing stage than that in the declining stage; the better the aerobic condition is, the sooner the monitoring system starts to work. The minimal oxygen concentration during a ventilation cycle often falls at the beginning, then ascends in the composting period; at the same time, oxygen concentration changes fast in the early composting stage(temperature increasing stage), much slower in the middle stage(continouns thermophilic stage),and seldom changes in the late composting stage(temperature declining stage). With the help of the oxygen realtime-online monitoring system, oxygen concentrations was measured. During the composting period, water contents was analyzed after sampled. It's found that water contents (WC) and Oxygen concentration can both influence the composting process, and the control rule varies in the various composting stages. Essentially, the rule that water and oxygen control the composting process comes from water counterchecks the oxygen transferring to the composting substrate. The most influential factor to the WC and to the oxygen is the components in the composting pile. In the temperature increasing stage, seldom microorganisms exist in the composting pile with low activity, thus oxygen can meet with microorganisms' need, and WC is the dominant factor. In the high temperature (continouns thermophilic) stage, composting process is controlled by WC and oxygen, essentially by WC, at the same time, their influence somehow is not remarkable. In the temperature declining stage, WC and oxygen influence the composting process little. It's also found that the composting process will differ even if under the same components, thus to equably mix the components can avoid WC focusing in some place and let the composting pile to be aerobic. In one sentence, aerobic state is the most important factor in the composting process, suitable bulking material will be useful to the composting control.

Adsorbents a partir de fangs biològics excedents de depuradora mitjançant l'aplicació de microones: estudi d'obtenció, caracterització i aplicació en fase líquida

El fang biològic es produeix en les plantes de tractament d'aigües residuals urbanes i industrials. El tractament i la gestió dels fangs és un dels problemes més importants en el camp del tractament de les aigües residuals. Aquesta situació es preveu que es veurà agreujada en el futur, per un increment del volum de fang produït associat a l'exigència de nivells més alts de depuració i per l'augment dels nombre d'estacions depuradores en funcionament. D'altre banda, les limitacions que presenten les opcions tradicionals de gestió dels fangs, fa necessari buscar solucions innovadores i efectives per a solucionar el problema que suposa la gestió d'aquests fangs biològics. Els fangs biològics són de naturalesa carbonosa i amb un alt contingut de matèria orgànica. Aquestes característiques, permeten la conversió del fang en un sòlid adsorbent de tipus carbonós. Aquesta conversió ofereix el doble benefici de reduir el volum de fang que ha de ser gestionat i alhora produir un adsorbent amb un cost inferior a la dels adsorbents convencionals (carbons actius comercials). Fins el moment, els tractaments alta temperatura han demostrat la seva efectivitat per du a terme el procés de transformació dels excedents de fang biològic en un sòlid adsorbent carbonós (carbó actiu). Com a alternativa a aquests processos a alta temperatura, es proposa un nou procés d'obtenció d'un sòlid adsorbent carbonós a partir dels excedents de fangs biològics, mitjançant un tractament a baixa temperatura, combinant el tractament per microones amb l'addició d'un reactiu químic (H2SO4). La present tesi analitza el tractament dels excedents de fangs biològics utilitzant un tractament mitjançant microones i l'addició d'àcid sulfúric (H2SO4), al mateix temps analitza la possibilitat d'utilitzar els sòlids adsorbents obtinguts per a millorar la qualitat de les aigües residuals. Paràmetres d'operació com poden ser la quantitat d'àcid sulfúric addicionada al fang, el nivell de potència del forn microones i el temps de tractament, es modificaran per tal de determinar la influència que poden tenir sobre la qualitat del sòlid adsorbent. Un cop determinada la qualitat dels diferent sòlids adsorbents s'avalua la seva capacitat per a l'eliminació de colorant i metalls en fase líquida. Els resultats obtinguts es comparen amb els obtinguts per un carbó actiu derivat de fangs i un carbó actiu comercial.

Eliminación de compuestos causantes de olores mediante adsorbentes/catalizadores obtenidos a partir de lodos de depuradora

El aumento de la cantidad de lodos y las dificultades inherentes a su aplicación agrícola y/o disposición en vertederos, hace necesario encontrar nuevas alternativas para su gestión. A nivel europeo, hoy en día se tiende hacia la aplicación de tratamientos térmicos (incineración, pirólisis y gasificación) que permiten una valoración energética de los lodos, si bien generan un residuo sólido que sigue siendo necesario gestionar. El problema medioambiental provocado por (malos) olores resulta difícil de abordar de una manera genérica, teniendo en consideración la propia naturaleza del olor y sus posibles causas. Los olores en las EDARs son provocados básicamente por la degradación de la materia orgánica en condiciones anaeróbicas y se detectan en todas las operaciones unitarias en diferentes niveles de concentración. Esta tesis incidiendo en ambos aspectos, tiene por objeto investigar la valorización de lodos como materiales precursores de adsorbentes/ catalizadores para la eliminación de olores en el entorno de las EDARs, maximizando la reutilización de los lodos. Para la realización de los experimentos se han seleccionado lodos procedentes de tres EDARs situadas en la región de Girona (SC, SB, SL) que difieren en cuanto al tratamiento de los lodos. Ambas muestras han sido caracterizadas con el fin de determinar las diferencias más importantes en los lodos de partida. Los parámetros de caracterización incluyen el análisis de composición química (análisis elemental e inmediato, determinación contenido en cenizas, medida pH, DRX, FT-IR, SEM / EDX) así como análisis de superficie (adsorción de N2 y CO2). En primer lugar los lodos caracterizados han sido sometidos a diferentes tratamientos térmicos de gasificación y pirólisis y los adsorbentes/ catalizadores obtenidos se han probado como adsorbentes para la eliminación de H2S. Como consecuencia de este estudio, se ha desechado el uso de uno de lodos (SC) puesto que se obtenían resultados muy similares a (SB), a continuación el estudio se centró en el lodo de SL. Con este objetivo se han preparado 12 muestras 6 de ellas pirolizadas y 6 gasificadas en el rango de temperaturas que comprende 600-1100 ºC. Posteriormente las muestras han sido caracterizadas y se ha determinado la capacidad de eliminación (x/M) del H2S. Los resultados muestran que hemos sido capaces de obtener unos materiales que si bien, presentan un bajo desarrollo de porosidad dan lugar a valores de capacidades de eliminación elevados y comparables a carbones y materiales adsorbentes comerciales (Centaur, Sorbalit). Las elevadas eficiencias de eliminación se atribuyen básicamente a la presencia de especies catalíticamente activas tales como los óxidos mixtos de calcio y hierro determinados por DRX en las muestras tratadas térmicamente. El segundo bloque de resultados se centra la mejora de las propiedades texturales de estos materiales adsorbentes. Con este objetivo se llevaron acabo procesos de activación física con CO2 y química con H3PO4 e hidróxidos alcalinos (NaOH y KOH), que hasta el momento no se había probado con este tipo de precursores. Los resultados indican que la activación física (CO2) y química (H3PO4) no son unos buenos métodos para la obtención de adsorbentes altamente porosos con este tipo de materia prima bajo las condiciones probadas, sin embargo la activación con hidróxidos alcalinos da lugar a materiales adsorbentes con superficies específicas de hasta 1600 m2g-1. En el caso de la activación con hidróxidos, tanto el incremento de la relación agente activante/ precursor como el incremento de la temperatura producen un descenso del rendimiento, al mismo tiempo que incrementan el valor de SBET. Los materiales resultantes de la activación con hidróxidos alcalinos se han probado como adsorbentes/ catalizadores para la eliminación de H2S. Los resultados indican que un incremento del área superficial no es indicativo de un aumento de la capacidad de eliminación dada la naturaleza ácida de estos materiales obtenidos. Con el fin de contrarrestar el efecto ácido de estos materiales se han realizado los mismos ensayos añadiendo NaOH al lecho de reacción llegando a valores de x/M de hasta 450 mgg-1. Posteriormente también se han realizado ensayos de eliminación de NH3 con algunas de estas muestras, y los resultados obtenidos de x/M son del orden de carbones activados comerciales. Los materiales adsorbentes obtenidos tras la activación con hidróxidos alcalinos se convierten en materiales muy atractivos para ser utilizados como adsorbentes/ catalizadores de múltiples contaminantes (COVs, Hg...).

Problems in seawater industrial desalination processes and potential sustainable solutions: a review

Seawater desalination has significantly developed towards membrane technology than phase change process during last decade. Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) in general is the most familiar process due to higher water recovery and lower energy consumption compared to other available desalination processes. Despite major advancements in SWRO technology, desalination industry is still facing significant amount of practical issues. Therefore, the potentials and problems faced by current SWRO industries and essential study areas are discussed in this review for the benefit of desalination industry. It is important to consider all the following five components in SWRO process i.e. (1) intake (2) pre-treatment (3) high pressure pumping (4) membrane separation (performance of membranes and brine disposal) and (5) product quality. Development of higher corrosion resistant piping materials or coating materials, valves, and pumps is believed to be in higher research demand. Furthermore, brine management, that includes brine disposal and resource recovery need further attention. Pre-treatment sludge management and reduced cleaning in place flush volume will reduce the capital costs associated with evaporation ponds and the maintenance costs associated with disposal and transportation reducing the unit cost of water. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Incorporação de lodo de esgoto na massa cerâmica para fabricação de tijolos maciços: uma alternativa para a disposição final de resíduo

The disposal of sewage sludge is a growing problem face up to management of sanitary sevices. Otherwise, because its making process characteristic, the Ceramic Industry can tolerate the presence of this wastes as raw material. This study has as object to confirm the use of the sewage sluge in the Ceramic Industry like a sustentable alternative for its disposal. Futhermore, this study quests to evaluate the maximum proportion for incorporation of sludge wich result in technically and enviromentally suitable bricks. For found this proportion, the research consisted of (1) making of bricks in full scale, adde up 0%, 5%,10%, 15%, 20%, 25%,30%, 35% e 40% sludge, with size 220x105x45 mm, hand-molded by rammer and baked by industrial kiln; and (2) tecnical and enviromental evaluation of this bricks, according to Brazilian norms. The raw material uses were two distinct clays come from Goianinha/RN and sewage comes from a septic system tank and pumped into tank vehicle, of Natal/RN. The technical evaluation allowed to conclude the addiotion of the sludge brings about signifcant lost of mass and the water absorption grew up according to increase of sludge: every sludge-amended clay bricks absorved more water than control group. Thus, the compressive strength was signicantly decreased because the increase of sludge: bricks with 5% sludge added lost 45% of strength achieved at control group; the bricks made with 10 and 20% lost almost 70% of bigger strength. With up to 25% sludge added to the bricks, the streght decreased over 90%. Concerning heavy metal leaching, the two maximum proportion wich have tecnical approval, it means bricks sludge added with 15 and 20%, can say there is no risk of enviromental contamination using those bricks. This way, in this work context, it can to conclude the maximum proportion atends the technical and enviromental criterion is 20%

Análise da adição de resíduo oriundo do tratamento de esgotos em massa cerâmica utilizada para fabricação de telhas

Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) disposal is a problem for any municipality, for this reason the amount of sludge production is now a key issue in selecting treatment methods. It is necessary to investigate new applications for this waste type, due to the restrictions imposed by the environmental organs. The raw materials used in the Red Ceramic, are generally very heterogeneous, for this reason, such materials can tolerate the presence of different types of wastes. In Rio Grande do Norte, the roof tiles production corresponds to 60,61% from the total of ceramic units produced. Due to the importance of the ceramic industry of roof tiles for the state, allied to the environmental problem of the sludge disposal, this work had for objective to verify the possibility of the incorporation of sewage sludge in ceramic body used for production of roof tiles. In the research, sludge originating from drying beds of WTP of the Central Campus from UFRN and clays originating from a ceramic industry from Goianinha/RN were used. The raw materials were characterized by techniques of: analysis of particles distribution by diffraction to laser; real density; consistence limits; chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence; mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction; organic matter; and solids content. Five batches of roof tiles were manufactured in the approximate dosages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. To evaluate the properties of each final product, tests of water absorption, impermeability, bending strength, leachability and solubility were accomplished. The roof tiles manufactured with sludge presented characteristics similar to the roof tiles without sludge in relation to the environmental risk. The results showed that it is possible to use approximately up to 4% of sludge in ceramic bodies for production of roof tiles. However, it is observed that the high amount of organic matter (71%) present in the sludge is shown as factor that limits the sludge incorporation in ceramic bodies, worsening the quality of the roof tiles. It is necessary the use of mixtures of different raw materials under point of view of the granulometry and of the other chemical and mineralogical properties for the obtaining of a satisfactory mass to the production of ceramic roof tiles

An evaluation into the potential of biological processing for the removal of metals from sewage sludges

The use of sewage sludge in agricultural land as a means of sludge disposal and recycling has been shown to be economical and suitable because of the presence of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. However, municipal sludges often contain high quantities of toxic metals and other compounds that must be removed for its safe use in agricultural soils. The biological leaching of metals from sewage sludges has been shown to be a promising technique for metal detoxifying in such complex matrix. The process efficiency is dependent on several physico-chemical parameters, such as total solids concentration, metal forms, pH-ORP, and temperature. Scale-up of the process has not yet been defined and is still pursuing the correct operational design. Current research involving the bioleaching of metals from sewage sludge and its application to land, which affects soil physical properties, are presented and discussed.

Rational use of residential digesters for sewage treatment with Carbon Credits

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desempenho de reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente alimentado com lodo de estação de tratamento de água e esgoto sanitário

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo do lodo gerado em reator biológico, pelo tratamento da água de produção do petróleo, no terminal marítimo Almirante Barroso, município de São Sebastião, SP visando sua disposição final

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Microbiologia Aplicada) - IBRC

Efeitos da disposição de lodo de ETE de indústria alimentícia no solo: estudo de caso

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE